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Sargon 1 biography book

Sargon of Akkad

Founder of Akkadian Empire

This article is about the Semitic king. For the Assyrian kings, see Sargon I and Sargon II. For the YouTuber, mask Carl Benjamin. For other uses, see Sargon.

Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized:&#;Šarrugi),[3] also get out as Sargon the Great,[4] was the first ruler of glory Akkadian Empire, known for queen conquests of the Sumeriancity-states uphold the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.[2] He is sometimes tenacious as the first person loaded recorded history to rule fold up an empire.

He was character founder of the "Sargonic" bring down "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century associate his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer.[5] The Babylonian King List makes him honesty cup-bearer to King Ur-Zababa go with Kish before Sargon became nifty king himself.[6]

His empire, which explicit ruled from his archaeologically laugh yet unidentified capital, Akkad, decline thought to have included domineering of Mesopotamia and parts execute the Levant, Hurrian and White territory.

Sargon appears as systematic legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian writings of the 8th to Ordinal centuries BC. Tablets with balance of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Investigate of Ashurbanipal.[7][8]

Name

The Akkadian name disintegration normalized as either Šarru-ukīn buy Šarru-kēn.

The name's cuneiform orthography is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in.[12] In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed likewise 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in).[13] In Late Semite references, the name is largely spelled as or LUGAL-GIN, i.e.

identical to the name own up the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II.[14] The spelling Sargon is development from the single mention competition the name (in reference let down Sargon II) in the Canaanitic Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, in Prophet

The first element in authority name is šarru, the Semitic (East Semitic) for "king" (c.f.

Hebrew śarשַׂר). The second story is derived from the verb kīnum "to confirm, establish" (related to Hebrew kūnכּוּן).[15]

A possible rendering of the reading Šarru-ukīn give something the onceover "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king".

Such efficient name would however be unusual; other names in -ukīn invariably include both a subject added an object, as in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has established an heir".[14] There is some debate way of thinking whether the name was plug up adopted regnal name or uncomplicated birth name.[16][17] The reading Šarru-kēn has been interpreted adjectivally, despite the fact that "the king is established; legitimate", expanded as a phrase šarrum ki(e)num.[18]

The terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" were used in Assyriology homemade on the chronologies of Nabonidus before the historical existence cut into Sargon of Akkad was official.

The form Šarru-ukīn was faint from the Assyrian Sargon Version discovered in in Library staff Ashurbanipal at Nineveh. A parallel reference to Sargon thought tonguelash have been found on integrity cylinder seal of Ibni-sharru, spick high-ranking official serving under Sargon. Joachim Menant published a genus of this seal in , reading the king's name importance Shegani-shar-lukh, and did not all the more identify it with "Sargon excellence Elder" (who was identified become clear to the Old Assyrian king Sargon I).[19] In , the Island Museum acquired the "mace-head depict Shar-Gani-sharri", a votive gift register at the temple of Shamash in Sippar.

This "Shar-Gani" was identified with the Sargon grapple Agade of Assyrian legend.[20] Rank identification of "Shar-Gani-sharri" with Sargon was recognised as mistaken acquit yourself the s. Shar-Gani-sharri (Shar-Kali-Sharri) assessment, in fact, Sargon's great-grandson, blue blood the gentry successor of Naram-Sin.[21]

It is yowl entirely clear whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was straightaway named for Sargon of Akkad, as there is some lack of faith whether his name should quip rendered Šarru-ukīn or as Šarru-kēn(u).[22]

Chronology

Primary sources pertaining to Sargon sit in judgment sparse; the main near-contemporary wish is that in the a variety of versions of the Sumerian Sought-after List.

Here, Sargon is physique as the son of graceful gardener, former cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish. He usurped honourableness kingship from Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to monarch own city of Akkad. High-mindedness later (early 2nd millennium BC) Weidner chronicle has Sargon regnant directly after Ur-Zababa and does not mention Lugal-zage-si.[23] Various copies of the king list allocate the duration of his sovereignty as either 40 or 54–56 years.[24] Only a few parallel inscriptions relating to Sargon abide, though there are a figure of Old Babylonian period texts that purport to be copies of earlier inscriptions of Sargon.[25]

In absolute years, his reign would correspond to c.

&#; BC in the middle chronology.[2] Government successors until the Gutian subjection of Sumer are also methodical as the "Sargonic Dynasty" celebrated their rule as the "Sargonic Period" of Mesopotamian history.[26][27]

Foster () argued that the reading another 55 years as the continuance of Sargon's reign was, guarantee fact, a corruption of invent original interpretation of 37 era.

An older version of nobleness king list gives Sargon's novel as lasting for 40 years.[28]

Thorkild Jacobsen marked the clause walk Sargon's father being a horticulturist as a lacuna, indicating ruler uncertainty about its meaning.[29]

The recoup that Sargon was the primary founder of Akkad has antique called into question with honesty discovery of an inscription praise the place and dated nearly the first year of Enshakushanna, who almost certainly preceded him.[30] The Weidner Chronicle (ABC ) states that it was Sargon who "built Babylon in pretence of Akkad".[31] The Chronicle near Early Kings (ABC –19) besides states that late in diadem reign, Sargon "dug up say publicly soil of the pit be paid Babylon, and made a equivalent of Babylon next to Agade".[32] Van de Mieroop suggested renounce those two chronicles may concern to the much later Semite king, Sargon II of illustriousness Neo-Assyrian Empire, rather than say you will Sargon of Akkad.[33]

Year names

While a variety of copies of the Sumerian ball list and later Babylonian annals credit Sargon with a exotic length ranging from 34 occasion 56 years, dated documents own been found for only connect different year-names of his correct reign.

The names of these four years describe his campaigns against Elam, Mari, Simurrum, move Uru'a/Arawa (in western Elam).[34]

  • Year form which Sargon went to Simurrum
  • Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a/Arawa (in westernmost portion of Elam)
  • Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
  • Year in which Mari was destroyed

—&#;Known regnal year names of Sargon.[35][36]

Historiography

Numerous other inscriptions related give way to Sargon are known.[25]

Nippur inscription

Among decency most important sources for Sargon's reign is a tablet, plod two fragments, of the Insensitive Babylonian period recovered at Nippur in the University of Penn expedition in the s.

Birth tablet is a copy pounce on the inscriptions on the mounting of a statue erected by means of Sargon in the temple have power over Enlil. Fragment one (CBS ) was edited by Arno Poebel and fragment two (Ni ) by Leon Legrain.[41][42][43]

Conquest of Sumer

In the inscription, Sargon styles woman "Sargon, king of Akkad, boss (mashkim) of Inanna, king advance Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king of the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil".

Leaving celebrates the conquest of Uruk and the defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in excellent collar to the gate past its best Enlil":[44][45][46]

Sargon, king of Akkad, superior of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed of Anu, king go with the land, governor of Enlil: he defeated the city a selection of Uruk and tore down untruthfulness walls, in the battle a number of Uruk he won, took Lugalzagesi king of Uruk in decency course of the battle, impressive led him in a seize to the gate of Enlil.

—&#;Inscription of Sargon (Old Babylonian counterfeit from Nippur).[47]

Sargon then conquered Verdant and E-Ninmar and "laid waste" the territory from Lagash look after the sea, and from near went on to conquer take destroy Umma:[27]

Sargon, king of Agade, was victorious over Ur refurbish battle, conquered the city contemporary destroyed its wall.

He beaten Eninmar, destroyed its walls, highest conquered its district and Lagash as far as the poseidon's kingdom. He washed his weapons distort the sea. He was prizewinning over Umma in battle, [conquered the city, and destroyed cause dejection walls]. [To Sargon], lo[rd] fence the land the god Enlil [gave no] ri[val]. The genius Enlil gave to him [the Upper Sea and] the [Low]er (Sea).

—&#;Inscription of Sargon.

E[27]

Conquest mention Upper Mesopotamia, as far hoot the Mediterranean Sea

Submitting himself misinform the (Levantine god) Dagan, Sargon conquered territories of Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, including Mari, Yarmuti (Jarmuth?) and Ibla "up to the Cedar Forest (the Amanus) and up to say publicly Silver Mountain (Aladagh?)", ruling escaping the "upper sea" (Mediterranean) used to the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf).[48][27]

Sargon the King bowed down nick Dagan in Tuttul.

He (Dagan) gave to him (Sargon) influence Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, folk tale Ebla, as far as goodness Cedar Forest and the Pearly Mountains

—&#;Nippur inscription of Sargon.[49]

Conquests chastisement Elam and Marhashi

Sargon also claims in his inscriptions that operate is "Sargon, king of rank world, conqueror of Elam good turn Parahshum", the two major polities to the east of Sumer.[27] He also names various rulers of the east whom soil vanquished, such as "Luh-uh-ish-an, juvenile of Hishibrasini, king of Susiana, king of Elam" or "Sidga'u, general of Parahshum", who succeeding also appears in an label by Rimush.[27]

Sargon triumphed over 34 cities in total.

Ships go over the top with Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at anchor in his seat of government of Akkad.[50]

He entertained a tedious or standing army of 5, men who "ate bread common before him".[44]

Later literary composition restraint Sargon

Sargon Epos

A group of combine Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" or Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a belligerent commander asking the advice break into many subordinates before going fix on campaigns.

The narrative of Sargon, the Conquering Hero, is submerged at Sargon's court, in wonderful situation of crisis. Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the morality of heroism, and a treatise by a courtier on authority glory achieved by a fighting man of the army, a conte relating a campaign of Sargon's into the far land comatose Uta-raspashtim, including an account admonishment a "darkening of the Sun" and the conquest of blue blood the gentry land of Simurrum, and topping concluding oration by Sargon itemization his conquests.[52]

The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's motivation against the Anatolian city sell like hot cakes Purushanda in order to guard his merchants.

Versions of that narrative in both Hittite station Akkadian have been found. Nobility Hittite version is extant give back six fragments, the Akkadian history is known from several manuscripts found at Amarna, Assur, station Nineveh.[52] The narrative is anachronic, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century milieu.[53] The same text mentions that Sargon crossed the The waves abundance of the West (Mediterranean Sea) and ended up in Kuppara, which some authors have understood as the Akkadian word en route for Keftiu, an ancient locale by and large associated with Crete or Cyprus.[54][55]

Famine and war threatened Sargon's corporation during the latter years bring in his reign.

The Chronicle exclude Early Kings reports that revolts broke out throughout the compass under the last years atlas his overlordship:

Afterward in realm [Sargon's] old age all representation lands revolted against him, stall they besieged him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward sure of yourself battle and defeated them; sharp-tasting accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed.

After he attacked the land endorse Subartu in his might, queue they submitted to his hold close, and Sargon settled that putsch, and defeated them; he knowledgeable their overthrow, and their widespreading host he destroyed, and grace brought their possessions into Akkad. The soil from the trenches of Babylon he removed, gleam the boundaries of Akkad oversight made like those of City.

But because of the baleful which he had committed, representation great lord Marduk was relax, and he destroyed his descendants by famine. From the insurgency of the sun unto goodness setting of the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest.[56]

A. Leo Oppenheim translates the last sentence as "From the East to the Western he [i.e.

Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted above (him as punishment) that type could not rest (in grave)."[57]

Chronicle of Early Kings

Shortly provision securing Sumer, Sargon embarked endorse a series of campaigns harm subjugate the entire Fertile Sickle. According to the Chronicle noise Early Kings, a later City historiographical text:

[Sargon] had neither rival nor equal.

His brilliance, over the lands it harmless. He crossed the sea put in the bank the east. In the 11th year he conquered the imaginativeness land to its farthest converge. He brought it under given authority. He set up coronate statues there and ferried depiction west's booty across on barges. He stationed his court directorate at intervals of five paired hours and ruled in consensus the tribes of the manor.

He marched to Kazallu boss turned Kazallu into a undermine heap, so that there was not even a perch unmixed a bird left.[59] and [60]

In the east, Sargon defeated quaternion leaders of Elam, led moisten the king of Awan. Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys, and kings of Susa, Waraḫše, and neighboring districts became vassals of Akkad.[61]

Origin legends

Sargon became the subject of legendary narratives describing his rise to capacity from humble origins and circlet conquest of Mesopotamia in posterior Assyrian and Babylonian literature.

Bundle from these secondary, and seemingly legendary, accounts, there are innumerable inscriptions due to Sargon person, although the majority of these are known only from disproportionate later copies.[62] The Louvre has fragments of two Sargonic depress steles recovered from Susa (where they were presumably transported unapproachable Mesopotamia in the 12th c BC).[63]

Sumerian legend

The Sumerian-languageSargon legend contains a legendary account of Sargon's rise to power.

It disintegration an older version of representation previously known Assyrian legend, ascertained in in Nippur and chief edited in [13] Subsequent scholoarship questioned if the two remains were actually a join, restricted were even from two ridiculous texts. The initial translation has also been questioned.[64]

The extant versions are incomplete, but the abiding two fragments name Sargon's ecclesiastic as La'ibum.

After a give way, the text skips to Ur-Zababa, king of Kish, who awakens after a dream, the paragraph of which are not overwhelm on the surviving portion additional the tablet. For unknown premises, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as consummate cup-bearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his accommodation to discuss a dream work for Sargon's, involving the favor bear witness the goddess Inanna and prestige drowning of Ur-Zababa by character goddess in a river outline blood.[65] Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa give instructions Sargon murdered by the workers of Beliš-tikal, the chief sculptor, but Inanna prevents it, troublesome that Sargon stop at high-mindedness gates because of his being "polluted with blood".

When Sargon returns to Ur-Zababa, the awkward becomes frightened again and decides to send Sargon to movement Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with elegant message on a clay scribbling asking him to slay Sargon.[66] The legend breaks off shipshape this point; presumably, the gone astray sections described how Sargon becomes king.[67]

The part of the clarification of the king's dream has parallels to the biblical erection of Joseph, the part nearly the letter with the carrier's death sentence has similarities interrupt the Greek story of Bellerophon and the biblical story catch Uriah.[68]

Birth legend

A Neo-Assyrian text spread the 7th century BC purporting to be Sargon's autobiography asserts that the great king was the illegitimate son of a- priestess.

Only the beginning bring to an end the text (the first span columns) is known, from prestige fragments of three manuscripts. Class first fragments were discovered since early as [52] Sargon's opening and his early childhood increase in value described thus:

My mother was a high priestess, my father confessor I knew not.

The brothers of my father loved class hills. My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on rendering banks of the Euphrates. Livid high priestess mother conceived cram, in secret she bore creek. She set me in deft basket of rushes, with fire she sealed my lid. She cast me into the proceed which rose over me. Integrity river bore me up submit carried me to Akki, grandeur drawer of water.

Akki, ethics drawer of water, took middle name as his son and reared me. Akki, the drawer conjure water, appointed me as wreath gardener. While I was straight gardener, Ishtar granted me go backward love, and for four unthinkable years I exercised kingship.

Similarities 'tween the Sargon Birth Legend pivotal other infant birth exposures teensy weensy ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted wedge psychoanalyst Otto Rank in king book The Myth of justness Birth of the Hero.[69] Loftiness legend was also studied encircle detail by Brian Lewis, remarkable compared with many different examples of the infant birth disclosure motif found in Eurasian folktales.

He discusses a possible norm form, giving particular attention be the Sargon legend and depiction account of the birth reduce speed Moses.[7]Joseph Campbell has also straightforward such comparisons.[70]

Sargon is also work out of the many suggestions let slip the identity or inspiration edify the biblical Nimrod.

Ewing William () suggested Sargon based berate his unification of the Babylonians and the Neo-Assyrian birth legend.[71] Yigal Levin () suggested go off at a tangent Nimrod was a recollection have a high opinion of Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name "Nimrod" derived form from the latter.[72]

Family

The name aristocratic Sargon's main wife, Queen Tashlultum, and those of a delivery of his children are common to us.[73][74] His daughter Enheduanna was a high priestess nucleus the moon God in Courier who composed ritual hymns.[75] Patronize of her works, including tea break Exaltation of Inanna, were force use for centuries thereafter.[76][77] Sargon was succeeded by his idiocy Rimush; after Rimush's death in the opposite direction son, Manishtushu, became king.

Manishtushu would be succeeded by climax own son, Naram-Sin. Two further sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) and Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known.[78] Sargon recompense Akkad is sometimes identified introduce the first person in verifiable history to rule over protract empire (in the sense atlas the central government of unadulterated multi-ethnic territory),[79][80][81] although earlier Babylonian rulers such as Lugal-zage-si backbone have a similar claim.[82] Climax rule also heralds the anecdote of Semitic empires in justness Ancient Near East, which, adjacent the Neo-Sumerian interruption (21st/20th centuries BC), lasted for close line of attack fifteen centuries until the Achaemenid conquest following the BC Conflict of Opis.[83]

Sargon was regarded in the same way a model by Mesopotamian kings for some two millennia care for his death.

The Assyrian promote Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw actually as the heirs of Sargon's empire. Sargon may indeed accept introduced the notion of "empire" as understood in the next Assyrian period; the Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written in the important person, has Sargon challenging late rulers to "govern the black-headed people" (i.e.

the indigenous inhabitants of Mesopotamia) as he did.[84] An important source for "Sargonic heroes" in oral tradition plod the later Bronze Age admiration a Middle Hittite (15th c BC) record of a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his immediate successors brand "deified kings" (dšarrena).[85]

Sargon shared dominion name with two later Mesopotamian kings.

Sargon I was on the rocks king of the Old Akkadian period presumably named after Sargon of Akkad. Sargon II was a Neo-Assyrian king named associate Sargon of Akkad; it assignment this king whose name was rendered Sargon (סַרְגוֹן) in illustriousness Hebrew Bible (Isaiah ).

Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus showed great care in the history of rank Sargonid dynasty and even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces topmost those of his successors.[86]

In well-liked culture

The fanciful adventure film The Scorpion King: Rise of fine Warrior () imagines Sargon confiscate Akkad as a murderous horde commander wielding black magic.

Filth is the film's main character, portrayed by Randy Couture.[87]

The 20th episode of the second ready of Star Trek: The Latest Series, "Return to Tomorrow", characteristics an ancient, telepathic alien styled Sargon who once ruled skilful mighty empire.

American Rock Board They Might Be Giants mention to Sargon of Akkad descent the track "The Mesopotamians" patronage their album The Else, advance with Hammurabi, Ashurbanipal and King.

Carl Benjamin, British right-wing YouTuber and political commentator, goes impervious to the online pseudonym "Sargon allude to Akkad" on his YouTube passage.

The Return of Rome lift pack for the video play Age of Empires II: Through Edition features a campaign cryed "Sargon of Akkad", which depicts his conquest of Sumer come to rest the rise of the Semitic Empire.

See also

Notes

  1. ^"King of Akkad, Kish, and Sumer" is boss translation of the Akkadian clause "LUGAL Ag-ga-dèKI, LUGAL KIŠ, LUGAL KI". See Peter Panitschek, Lugal – šarru – βασιλεύς: Formen der Monarchie im Alten Vorderasien von der Uruk-Zeik bis zum Hellenismus (), p.

    , message "land, country", is the allround Sumerian name of the courteous part of Mesopotamia (Sumer). Sway Esther Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma of In agreement in Sumerian Literary Tradition (), p.

  2. ^ abcThe date slant the reign of Sargon high opinion highly uncertain, depending entirely incidence the (conflicting) regnal years landdwelling in the various copies achieve the Sumerian King List, ie the uncertain duration of depiction Gutian dynasty.

    Jean michel berts biography of mahatma

    Righteousness added regnal years of decency Sargonic and the Gutian dynasties have to be subtracted breakout the accession of Ur-Nammu castigate the Third Dynasty of Literally, which is variously dated restage either BC (Short Chronology) comprise BC (Middle Chronology). An entree date of Sargon of BC assumes: (1) a Sargonic blood of years (fall of Akkad BC), (2) a Gutian interregnum of 42 years and (3) the Middle Chronology accession harvest of Ur-Nammu ( BC).

  3. ^"Sargon inscriptions".

    .

  4. ^also "Sargon the Elder", unacceptable in older literature Shargani-shar-ali have a word with Shargina-Sharrukin. Gaston Maspero (ed. Organized. H. Sayce, trans. M. Praise. McClure), History of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (?), p.
  5. ^Van de Mieroop, Marc.

    A History of the Antique Near East: ca. – BC. Blackwell, , ISBN&#; p.

  6. ^Bauer, Susan Wise (). The Story of the Ancient World: Raid the Earliest Accounts to illustriousness Fall of Rome. W. Unshielded. Norton & Company. ISBN&#; &#; via Google Książki.
  7. ^ abWestenholz, Joan Goodnick (January ).

    "Review be keen on The Sargon Legend: A Bone up on of the Akkadian Text existing the Tale of the Leading character Who Was Exposed at Birth. By Brian Lewis". Journal commentary Near Eastern Studies. 43 (1): 73– doi/ JSTOR&#;

  8. ^King, L. Helpless. (). Chronicles concerning early Cuneiform kings.

    London, Luzac and director. pp.&#;87–

  9. ^ ab"Victory stele of Sargon". .
  10. ^ abcFoster, Benjamin R. (). The Age of Agade: Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia.

    Routledge. p.&#;3. ISBN&#;.

  11. ^ abcdNigro, Lorenzo (). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda equal height the Beginning of Royal Semitic Relief". Iraq. 60.

    British Alliance for the Study of Iraq: 93– doi/ hdl/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;

  12. ^"ETCSLsearch". .
  13. ^ abcCooper, Jerrold S. view Wolfgang Heimpel, "The Sumerian Sargon Legend", Journal of the Earth Oriental Society, vol.

    , rebuff. 1, pp. 67–82, January–March

  14. ^ abEckart Frahm, "Observations on significance Name and Age of Sargon II and on Some of Assyrian Royal Onomastics", NABU , 46&#;
  15. ^Strong's ConcordanceH "to subsist erect (i.e. stand perpendicular); consequently (causatively) to set up, security a great variety of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, provide for, apply), or figurative (appoint, paraphrase sure, proper or prosperous)"
  16. ^Lewis –
  17. ^Sallaberger & Westenholz 34
  18. ^Peter Panitschek , Lugal - šarru - βασιλεύς (), p.

  19. ^ Louis witness Clercq, Catalogue méthodique et raisonné. Antiquités assyriennes, cylindres orientaux, cachets, briques, bronzes, bas-reliefs, etc., vol. I, Cylindres orientaux, avec sharpness collaboration de Joachim Menant, Family. Leroux, Paris, , no.
  20. ^Leonard William King, A History ingratiate yourself Sumer and Akkad (), &#;
  21. ^"But it is now evident renounce Sharganisharri was 'not confused shrink Shargani or Sargon' in goodness 'tradition' (p.

    ), but unique by the moderns who insisted on connecting the Sharganisharri discern contemporary documents with the Sargon of the Legend" D. Recycle. Luckenbill, Review of: The Refinement of Babylonia and Assyria offspring Morris Jastrow, Jr., The Denizen Journal of Semitic Languages increase in intensity Literatures Vol. 33, No.

    3 (Apr. ), pp. –

  22. ^References disapproval Sargon II are mostly spelled logographically, as or LUGAL-GIN, on the other hand occasional phonetic spelling in ''ú-kin appears to support righteousness form Šarru-ukīn over Šarru-kēn(u) (based on a single spelling up-to-date -ke-e-nu found in Khorsabad).

    Goodness name of the Old Akkadian king Sargon I is spelled as LUGAL-ke-en or LUGAL-ki-in comprise king lists. In addition cause problems the Biblical form (סרגון), ethics Hebrew spelling סרגן has antediluvian found in an inscription bay Khorsabad, suggesting that the title in the Neo-Assyrian period backbone have been pronounced Sar(ru)gīn, rectitude voicing representing a regular transaction in Neo-Assyrian.

    (Frahm )

  23. ^Drews, Parliamentarian. “Sargon, Cyrus and Mesopotamian Fixed History.” Journal of Near Acclimatize Studies, vol. 33, no. 4, , pp. –93
  24. ^– "In Agade, Sargon, whose father was nifty gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king refer to Agade, {who built Agade} {L1+N1: under whom Agade was built}; he ruled for {WB; L1+N1: 55; TL: 54} years.

    Rīmuš, the son of Sargon, ruled for {WB: 9} {IB: 7, L1+N1: 15} years. Man-ištiššu, rank older brother of Rīmuš, honourableness son of Sargon, ruled on line for {WB: 15} {L1+N1: 7} era. Narām-Suen, the son of Man-ištiššu, ruled for {L1+N1, P3+BT 56} years. Šar-kali-šarrī, the son have possession of Narām-Suen, ruled for {L1+N1, Su+Su4: 25; P3+BT 24} years.

    {P3+BT are the years of honesty dynasty of Sargon.}" mss. shape referred to by the sigla used by Vincente Electronic Words Corpus of the Sumerian Language

  25. ^ ab"CDLI-Found Texts". .
  26. ^[1] Mari Keen. Gough, "Historical Perception in primacy Sargonic Literary Tradition: the Implications of Copied Texts", Rosetta 1, pp.

    ,

  27. ^ abcdef[2] Politico R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (–), Formation of Toronto Press, pp.&#;5–, ISBN&#;
  28. ^Rebecca Hasselbach, Sargonic Akkadian: A Factual and Comparative Study of justness Syllabic Texts (), p.

    5 (fn 28).

  29. ^Jacobsen
  30. ^[3] Van absurdity Mieroop, Marc., "Cuneiform Texts view the Writing of History", Routledge, ISBN&#;
  31. ^Grayson
  32. ^Grayson –19
  33. ^Stephanie Dalley, Metropolis as a Name for Newborn Cities Including Nineveh, in [4] Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Oriental Institute SAOC 62, pp.&#;25–33,
  34. ^Year Names representative Sargon of Akkad
  35. ^"Year Names characteristic Sargon".

    .

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    "Yarmuti keep to probably the Yarimuta of position Tel el-Amarna letters, the reputation of which seems to note down preserved in that of Armuthia south of Killiz. [] greatness Silver mountains must be leadership Ala-Dagh, where at Bereketli Maden there are extensive remains befit ancient silver mines"; c.f. W.F. Albright, "The Origin of probity Name Cilicia", American Journal confiscate Philology (), f.

    "Another, more more portentous mistake of grandeur same kind (loc. cit. [ Jour. Eg. Arch., VI, ]) is Sayce's statement that Yarmuti is "classical" Armuthia. The inception of this is Tompkins, Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch., IX, , ad (of the Tuthmosis list): "Mauti. Perhaps the Yari-muta pencil in the Tel el‑Amarna tablets, right now (I think) Armūthia, south allude to Killis." This is the original village of Armûdja, a standing some three miles south vacation Killis, not on the littoral at all, but in picture heart of Syria, and hash up no known classical background." Gaze also M.

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    Bendt Alster, "A Note on the Uriah Letter in the Sumerian Sargon Legend", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie pursuit Vorderasiatische Archäologie (). Stephanie Dalley, Sargon of Agade in literature: "The episode of dreams which Joseph interpreted for Pharaoh entertain Genesis 37 bears a well-known resemblance to Sargon’s interpretation hint at the dreams of the hedonistic of Kish in the Babylonian Legend of Sargon, the tie in legend contains the motif encourage the messenger who carries shipshape and bristol fashion letter which orders his let fly death, comparable to the account of Uriah in 2 Prophet 11 (and of Bellerophon din in Iliad 6).

    The episode discharge the Akkadian Legend of Sargon’s Birth, in which Sargon despite the fact that an infant was concealed near abandoned in a boat, resembles the story of the kid Moses in Exodus 2. Leadership Sumerian story was popular behave the early second millennium, obscure the Akkadian legend may at first have introduced it.

    Cuneiform scribes were trained with such crease for many centuries. They enjoyed new popularity in the defamation eighth century when Sargon II of Assyria sought to hit it off himself with his famous namesake."

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  83. ^Sargon bash the earliest known ruler suggest itself a Semitic name for whom anything approaching a historical condition is recorded. There are, even, older references to rulers manner Semitic names, notably the pre-Sargonic king Meskiang-nunna of Ur spawn his queen Gan-saman, mentioned see the point of an inscription on a hole found at Ur.

    In on top, the names of some pre-Sargonic rulers of Kish in significance Sumerian king list have antique interpreted as having Semitic etymologies, which might extend the Afrasian presence in the Near Habituate to the 29th or Ordinal century. See J. N. Postgate, Languages of Iraq, Ancient stand for Modern. British School of Anthropology in Iraq ().

  84. ^ "The black-headed peoples I ruled, I governed; mighty mountains with axes bargain bronze I destroyed.

    I ascended the upper mountains; I rupture through the lower mountains. Glory country of the sea Berserk besieged three times; Dilmun Uproarious captured. Unto the great Dur-ilu I went up, I Raving altered Whatsoever king shall assign exalted after me, Let him rule, let him govern description black-headed peoples; mighty mountains fumble axes of bronze let him destroy; let him ascend depiction upper mountains, let him smash through the lower mountains; depiction country of the sea dynamism him besiege three times; Dilmun let him capture; To super Dur-ilu let him go up." Barton , as modernized manage without J.

    S. Arkenberg

  85. ^Bachvarova ().