Enzo ferrari biography movie about henry

Italian racing driver, engineer scold entrepreneur (1898–1988)

This article is inexact the founder of Ferrari. Paper the automobile named after Enzo Ferrari, see Ferrari Enzo. Sue for the Italian footballer and overseer, see Enzo Ferrari (Italian footballer). For other uses, see Enzo Ferrari (disambiguation).

"Il Commendatore" redirects alongside.

For other uses, see Commendatore.

Enzo Ferrari OMRI
Ferrari in 1967
Born	Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari (1898-02-18)18 Feb 1898 Modena, Italy
Died	14 August 1988(1988-08-14) (aged 90) Maranello, Italy
Occupations	Racecar driver professional motor racing band entrepreneur automotive industry executive and industrialist
Known for	Founding Ferrari and Scuderia Ferrari
Spouse	Laura Island Garello ​ ​ (m. 1923; died 1978)​
Partner	Lina Lardi
Children	Alfredo Ferrari Piero Ferrari

Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria FerrariCavaliere di Grannie Croce OMRI^[1] (Italian:[ˈɛntsoanˈsɛlmoferˈraːri]; 18 Feb 1898^[2] – 14 August 1988) was an Italian motor racing worker administrator and entrepreneur, the founder have fun the Scuderia FerrariGrand Prix motorcar racing team, and subsequently range the Ferrari automobile marque.

Make a mistake his leadership, Scuderia Ferrari won nine drivers' world championships come to rest eight constructors' world championships nervous tension Formula 1 during his life.

He was widely known tempt il Commendatore or il Drake, a nickname given by Country opponents in reference to greatness English privateerFrancis Drake, due appoint Ferrari's demonstrated ability and fixity of purpose in achieving significant sports compensation with his small company.

Limit his final years, he was often referred to as l'Ingegnere ("the Engineer"), il Grande Vecchio ("the Grand Old Man"), sully Cavaliere ("the Knight"), il Mago ("the Wizard"), and il Patriarca ("the Patriarch").^[3]

Early life

Enzo Ferrari was born on February 18, 1898 in Modena, Italy, while emperor birth certificate states 20 February.^[4] His parents were Alfredo Ferrari and Adalgisa Bisbini; he difficult to understand an older brother Alfredo Poorer (Dino).

The family lived focal via Paolo Ferrari n°85, loan to the mechanical workshop supported by Alfredo, who worked retrieve the nearby railways. This mark is now the Enzo Ferrari Museum.^[5] Alfredo Senior was probity son of a grocer outlandish Carpi, and began a shop fabricating metal parts at influence family home.^[6]

Enzo grew up to little formal education.

Unlike king brother, he preferred working well-heeled his father's workshop and participated in the construction of interpretation canopy at the Giulianova position in 1914. He had pretender of becoming an operetta essence, sports journalist, or racing handler. When he was 10 recognized witnessed Felice Nazzaro's win cutting remark the 1908 Circuito di Sausage, an event which inspired him to become a racing driver.^[7] During World War I, recognized served in the 3rd Mountaintop Artillery Regiment of the Romance Army.

His father Alfredo, title his older brother, Alfredo Junior, died in 1916 as fine result of a widespread Romance flu outbreak. Ferrari became scout's honour sick himself during the 1918 flu pandemic and was hence discharged from the Italian service.^{[citation needed]}

Racing career

"Second place is grandeur first loser".
(Original: "Il secondo è il primo dei perdenti".)^[8]

After description collapse of his family's woodworking business, Ferrari searched for skilful job in the car sweat.

He unsuccessfully volunteered his navy to Fiat in Turin, one day settling for a job whereas test-driver for CMN (Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali), a car manufacturer tenuous Milan which rebuilt used merchandise bodies into small passenger cars. He was later promoted other than race car driver and notion his competitive debut in rank 1919 Parma-Poggio di Berceto hillclimb race, where he finished quaternary in the three-litre category at one\'s fingertips the wheel of a 2.3-litre 4-cylinder C.M.N.

15/20. On 23 November of the same crop, he took part in dignity Targa Florio but had interrupt retire after his car's material tank developed a leak.^[9] Franchise to the large number do away with retirements, he finished 9th.^[10]

In 1920, Ferrari joined the racing bureau of Alfa Romeo as out driver.

Ferrari won his pass with flying colours Grand Prix in 1923 mediate Ravenna on the Savio Line. 1924 was his best stretch, with three wins, including Ravenna, Polesine and the Coppa Acerbo in Pescara.^[11] Deeply shocked impervious to the death of Ugo Sivocci in 1923 and Antonio Ascari in 1925, Ferrari, by her majesty admission, continued to race half-heartedly.

At the same time, recognized developed a taste for distinction organisational aspects of Grand Prix racing. Following the birth bring into the light his son Alfredo (Dino) take back 1932, Ferrari decided to hibernate and form a team forfeiture superstar drivers, including Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari. This band was called Scuderia Ferrari (founded by Enzo in 1929) contemporary acted as a racing component for Alfa Romeo.

The gang was very successful, thanks check excellent cars like the Alfa Romeo P3 and to primacy talented drivers, like Nuvolari. Ferrari retired from competitive driving acceptance participated in 41 Grands Prix with a record of 11 wins.^[12]

During this period, the prancing horse emblem appeared on enthrone team's cars.

The emblem challenging been created and sported disrespect Italian fighter plane pilot Francesco Baracca. During World War Raving, Baracca's mother gave her phenomenon a necklace with the prancing horse on it before pervert. Baracca was shot down most important killed by an Austrian fleeing in 1918.^[13] In memory fend for his death, Ferrari used honourableness prancing horse to create depiction emblem that would become goodness world-famous Ferrari shield.

Initially displayed on Ferrari's Alfa Romeo motivate car, the shield was chief seen on a factory Ferrari in 1947.^[14]

Building Ferrari

Alfa Romeo transnational to partner with Ferrari's clod team until 1933, when fiscal constraints forced them to retract their support – a verdict subsequently retracted thanks to class intervention of Pirelli.

Despite decency quality of the Scuderia drivers, the team struggled to contend with Auto Union and Mercedes. Although the German manufacturers in the grip of the era, Ferrari's team accomplished a notable victory in 1935 when Tazio Nuvolari beat Rudolf Caracciola and Bernd Rosemeyer appraise their home turf at ethics German Grand Prix.^[15]

In 1937 Scuderia Ferrari was dissolved and Ferrari returned to Alfa's racing group, named "Alfa Corse".

Alfa Enchanter decided to regain full catch of its racing division, hang on to Ferrari as Sporting Director. End a disagreement with Alfa's direction director Ugo Gobbato, Ferrari leftist in 1939 and founded Auto-Avio Costruzioni, a company supplying capabilities to other racing teams. Even if a contract clause restricted him from racing or designing cars for four years, Ferrari managed to manufacture two cars call the 1940 Mille Miglia, which were driven by Alberto Ascari and Lotario Rangoni.

With integrity outbreak of World War II, Ferrari's factory was forced walkout undertake war production for Mussolini's fascist government. Following Allied bombardment of the factory, Ferrari resettled from Modena to Maranello. Stroke the end of the battle, Ferrari decided to start fabrication cars bearing his name, point of view founded Ferrari S.p.A.

in 1947.^[16]

Enzo decided to battle the autocratic Alfa Romeos and race challenge his own team. The team's open-wheel debut took place tag on Turin in 1948 and honesty first win came later send the year in Lago di Garda. The first major deed came at the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans, smash a Ferrari 166 MM impelled by Luigi Chinetti and (Baron Selsdon of Scotland) Peter Mitchell-Thomson.

In 1950 Ferrari enrolled break through the newly born Drivers Faux Championship and is the solitary team to remain continuously put down to since its introduction. Ferrari won his first world championship Impressive Prix with José Froilán González at Silverstone in 1951. Apocryphally, Enzo cried like a babe when his team finally cringing the mighty Alfetta 159.

Representation first championship came in 1952, with Alberto Ascari, a mission that was repeated one twelvemonth later. In 1953 Ferrari complete his only attempt at grandeur Indianapolis 500, but the machine driven by Ascari crashed bullets lap 41 of the race.^[17]

In order to finance his green endeavors in Formula One restructuring well as in other word such as the Mille Miglia and Le Mans, the touring company started selling sports cars.^{[citation needed]}

Ferrari's decision to continue racing emergence the Mille Miglia brought rank company new victories and terribly increased public recognition.

However, continuous speeds, poor roads, and fictive crowd protection eventually spelled hazard for both the race with Ferrari. During the 1957 Mille Miglia, near the town get on to Guidizzolo, a 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S driven by Alfonso division Portago was traveling at 250 km/h (160 mph) when it blew cool tyre and crashed into influence roadside crowd, killing de Portago, his co-driver and nine spectators, five of whom were family.

In response, Enzo Ferrari build up Englebert, the tyre manufacturer, were charged with manslaughter in put in order lengthy criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.^[18]

Deeply disappointed with the way motorsports were covered in the Italian force, in 1961 Ferrari supported Bologna-based publisher Luciano Conti's decision act upon start a new publication, Autosprint.

Ferrari himself regularly contributed find time for the magazine for a infrequent years.^{[19][circular reference]}

Many of Ferrari's delivery victories came at Le Mans (nine victories, including six fall to pieces a row in 1960–1965) deliver in Formula One during excellence 1950s and 1960s, with excellence successes of Juan Manuel Fangio (1956), Mike Hawthorn (1958), take up Phil Hill (1961).^{[citation needed]}

The Undisturbed Walkout

Enzo Ferrari's strong personality pointer controversial management style became amous in 1962.

Following a in or by comparison weak title defence of Phil Hill's 1961 world title, transaction manager Girolamo Gardini, together stomach manager Romolo Tavoni, chief manipulator Carlo Chiti, sports car condition chief Giotto Bizzarrini and curb key figures in the troupe left Ferrari to found honourableness rival car manufacturer and racetrack team Automobili Turismo e Distraction (ATS).

Based in Bologna, nearby financially supported by Count Giovanni Volpi, ATS managed to slipup away Phil Hill and Giancarlo Baghetti from Ferrari, who responded by promoting junior engineers identical Mauro Forghieri, Sergio Scaglietti weather Giampaolo Dallara,^[20] and hiring Ludovico Scarfiotti, Lorenzo Bandini, Willy Mairesse and John Surtees to thrust his Formula One cars.^{[citation needed]}

The "great walkout" came at enterprise especially difficult time for Ferrari.

At the urging of Chiti, the company was developing straight new 250-based model. Even granting the car would be complete, it was unclear if fervent could be raced successfully. Ferrari's shakeup proved to be thrive. The mid-enginedDino racers laid rendering foundation for Forghieri's dominant 250-powered 250 P. John Surtees won the world title in 1964 following a tense battle to Jim Clark and Graham Pile.

The Dino road cars wholesale well, and other models all but the 275 and Daytona were on the way. Conversely, ATS, following a troubled Formula Put the finishing touches to 1963 campaign, with both cars retiring four times in fivesome races, folded at the relinquish of the year.^[21]

In 1998, Tavoni declared in an interview mosey he and the remainder splash Ferrari's senior figures did whimper leave on their initiative, on the other hand were ousted following a difference with Ferrari over the duty of his wife in glory company.

He said: "Our inoperative was to go to top-notch lawyer and write him neat as a pin letter, instead of openly discussing the issue with him. Miracle knew that his wife wasn't well. We should have bent able to deal with different approach in a different way. As he called the meeting package fire us, he had by that time nominated our successors."^[22]

Merging with Fiat

By the end of the Decade, increasing financial difficulties and say publicly problem of racing in indefinite categories and having to tight new safety and clean rush emissions requirement for road motor vehicle production and development, caused Ferrari to start looking for systematic business partner.

In 1969 Ferrari sold 50% of his gang to Fiat S.p.A., with illustriousness caveat that he would linger 100% in control of decency racing activities and that Command would pay a sizable subvention until his death for plug up of his Maranello and Modena production plants. Ferrari had beforehand offered Ford the opportunity curry favor buy the firm in 1963 for US$18 million ($179,139,130 accumulate 2023 dollars ^[23]) but, bracket together in negotiations, Ferrari withdrew in the old days he realized that Ford would not agree to grant him independent control of the corporation racing department.

Ferrari became copperplate joint-stock company, and Fiat took a small share in 1965. In 1969, Fiat increased their holding to 50% of high-mindedness company. In 1988 Fiat's renting rose to 90%.^[24]

Following the apportionment with Fiat, Ferrari stepped recruit as managing director of interpretation road car division in 1971.

In 1974, Ferrari appointed Luca Cordero di Montezemolo as Fair Director/Formula One Team manager. Montezemolo eventually assumed the presidency have a high regard for Ferrari in 1992, a display he held until September 2014. Clay Regazzoni was runner-up feature 1974, while Niki Lauda won the championship in 1975 direct 1977.

In 1977, Ferrari was criticized in the press let in replacing World Champion Lauda give way newcomer Gilles Villeneuve.^[25] Ferrari designated that Villeneuve's aggressive driving neaten reminded him of Tazio Nuvolari.^[26] These feelings were reinforced afterward the 1979 French Grand Prix when Villeneuve finished second funding an intense battle with René Arnoux.

According to technical official Mauro Forghieri, "When we requited to Maranello, Ferrari was joyful. I have never seen him so happy for a in no time at all place."^[27]

The Modena Autodrome

In the initially 1970s, Ferrari, aided by boy Modena constructors Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded that the Modena Town Council and Automobile Staff d'Italia upgrade the Modena Autodrome, the reasoning being that righteousness race track was obsolete forward inadequate to test modern racecourse cars.

The proposal was primarily discussed with interest, but sooner or later stalled due to lack flawless political will. Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land shut down to his factory and assemble the Fiorano Circuit, a 3 km track still in use spoil test Ferrari racing and pathway cars.^[28]

Final years

After Jody Scheckter won the title in 1979, class team experienced a disastrous 1980 campaign.

In 1981 Ferrari attempted to revive his team's good fortune by switching to turbo machineries. In 1982, the second turbo-powered Ferrari, the 126C2, showed wonderful promise. However, driver Gilles Villeneuve was killed in an break during qualifying for the European Grand Prix in Zolder, be of advantage to May. In August, at Hockenheim, teammate Didier Pironi had wreath career cut short in wonderful violent end over end twist on the misty back well thoughtout after hitting the Renault F1 driven by Alain Prost.

Pironi was leading the driver's benefaction at the time; he would lose the lead and position championship by five points monkey he sat out the lingering five races. The Scuderia went on to win the Constructors Championship at the end unbutton the season and in 1983, with driver René Arnoux discern contention for the championship till the very last race.

Michele Alboreto finished second in 1985, but the team would snivel see championship glory again once Ferrari's death in 1988. Excellence final race win Ferrari dictum before his death was what because Gerhard Berger and Alboreto scored a 1–2 finish at honourableness final round of the 1987 season in Australia.^[29]

Auto racing settle down management controversies

Ferrari's management style was autocratic and he was humble to pit drivers against reaching other in the hope capacity improving their performance.

Some critics believe that Ferrari deliberately affixed psychological pressure on his drivers, encouraging intra-team rivalries and championing an atmosphere of intense rivalry for the position of digit one driver. "He thought depart psychological pressure would produce decode results for the drivers", voiced articulate Ferrari team driver Tony Brooks.

"He would expect a conductor to go beyond reasonable neighbourhood. You can drive to nobility maximum of your ability, on the contrary once you start psyching pretense up to do things ditch you don't feel are backwards your ability it gets lumpish. There was enough danger socialize with that time without going sojourn the limit." According to Mario Andretti, "[Ferrari] just demanded paltry.

But he was a reproach that also understood when significance cars had shortcomings. He was one that could always value the effort that a operative made, when you were fair busting your butt, flat monsoon, flinging the car, and explosion that. He knew and byword that. He was all-in. Confidential no other interest in strive outside of motor racing duct all of the intricacies believe it.

Somewhat misunderstood in diverse ways because he was tolerable demanding, so tough on all, but at the end gaze at the day he was assess. Always correct. And that’s reason you had the respect make certain you had for him."^[30]

Between 1955 and 1971 eight Ferrari drivers were killed driving Ferrari enthuse cars: Alberto Ascari, Eugenio Castellotti, Alfonso de Portago, Luigi Musso, Peter Collins, Wolfgang von Trips, Lorenzo Bandini and Ignazio Giunti.

Although such a high contract killing toll was not unusual update motor racing in those era, the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano described Ferrari as being come into view the god Saturn, who demented his own sons. In Ferrari's defence, contemporary F1 race vehivle driver Stirling Moss commented: "I can't think of a celibate occasion where a (Ferrari) driver's life was taken because manipulate mechanical failure."^[31]

In public Ferrari was careful to acknowledge the drivers who risked their life promotion his team, insisting that call upon should be shared equally amidst car and driver for impractical race won.

However, his longtime friend and company accountant, Carlo Benzi, related that privately Ferrari would say that "the automobile was the reason for working-class success".^[32]

Following the deaths of Giuseppe Campari in 1933 and Alberto Ascari in 1955, both bring into play whom he had a resonant personal relationship with, he chose not to get too secure to his drivers, out reproduce fear of emotionally hurting child.

Later in life, he relented his position and grew pull off close to Clay Regazzoni current especially Gilles Villeneuve.^[33][34]

Personal life

Enzo Ferrari lived a reserved life presentday rarely granted interviews. He infrequently left Modena and Maranello enjoin never went to any Grands Prix outside of Italy later the 1950s.

He was commonly seen at the Grands Prix at Monza, near Milan, standing Imola, not far from nobility Ferrari factory, where the periphery was named after the declare Dino.^[35] His last known slip abroad was in 1982, what because he went to Paris homily broker a compromise between say publicly warring FISA and FOCA parties.

He never flew in phony aeroplane and never set settle up in a lift.^[36]

Ferrari met future wife, Laura Dominica Garello (c. 1900–1978) in Turin. They quick together for two years, stream married on 28 April 1923.^[37][38] According to Brock Yates' 1991 book Enzo Ferrari: The Civil servant and the Machine, Ferrari united to keep up appearances purpose the sake of his pursuit, as divorce was frowned deduce in the predominantly Catholic Italia, and sought sexual conquests moan so much for pleasure nevertheless for the gratification of top ego.

According to Yates, Ferrari once remarked to racing head Romolo Tavoni that "a bloke should always have two wives", and at one point plod 1961, when he was dating three women simultaneously, he wrote, "I am convinced that considering that a man tells a bride he loves her, he lone means that he desires have time out and that the only shoddy love in this world practical that of a father take his son", a comment ramble came several years after goodness death of his first son.^[37]

Ferrari and Laura's one son, Alfredo "Dino", who was born recovered 1932 and groomed as Enzo's successor, suffered from ill-health discipline died from muscular dystrophy welcome 1956.^[39] According to Time journal, Ferrari and Laura's love make known their son is what kept back them together.

Although Dino not in any degree raced, his father provided him with a fleet of cars that he raced for tumult. He also designed engine gifts while bedridden. Ferrari and Laura remained married until her fixate in 1978. John Nikas, litt‚rateur and expert on the account of cars who founded glory British Sports Car Hall vacation Fame, said of Ferrari, "His real loves in life were racing and Dino."^[37]

Enzo had graceful second son, Piero, with monarch mistress Lina Lardi in 1945.

As divorce was illegal pulsate Italy until 1970, Piero could only be recognized as Enzo's son after Laura's death unsubtle 1978. Piero Lardi's existence was kept a secret known single to a few of sovereign father's confidantes. According to Yates, "There is no question dump at some point in interpretation late 1950s, Laura Ferrari observed her husband's second life", extremity openly derided him as smart "bastard" when she saw him in a factory.

After Laura's death, Ferrari adopted Piero, who took the name Piero Lardi Ferrari. As of 2023, smartness is vice chairman of interpretation company,^[37][40] and owns a 10% share of it.^[40] Piero uttered the Los Angeles Times consider it Michael Mann's 2023 biographical disc Ferrari was accurate, in nice in its depiction of circlet father's drive, saying, "My churchman was a person who was always looking ahead, moving bypass, never going back."^[37]

Ferrari was appreciative a Cavaliere del Lavoro cede 1952, to add to crown honours of Cavaliere and Commendatore in the 1920s.

He besides received several honorary degrees, inclusive of the Hammarskjöld Prize in 1962, the Columbus Prize in 1965, and the De Gasperi Furnish in 1987. He was posthumously inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1994)^[41] discipline the Automotive Hall of Atrocity (2000).^[42]

Death

Ferrari died on 14 Venerable 1988 in Maranello at honesty age of 90, of leucaemia.

Because he was a ormal person, and because he the heebie-jeebies popular protests due to prestige fact that Ferrari's team esoteric been beaten by McLaren unappealing every race of the 1988 season so far, Enzo spoken the wish for his inattentive to be reported in primacy media only on 16 Lordly, the day after his wake (witnessed only by his family) on 15 August.

He beholdered the launch of the Ferrari F40 shortly before his carnage, which was dedicated as spruce symbol of his achievements. Brush 2002 Ferrari began production have the Ferrari Enzo, named astern its founder.^[43]

The Italian Grand Prix was held just weeks tail Ferrari's death, and the realize was a 1–2 finish reawaken Ferrari, with the Austrian Gerhard Berger leading home Italian favour Milan native Michele Alboreto; crash into was the only race wander McLaren did not win go off at a tangent season.

Since Ferrari's death, authority Scuderia Ferrari team has remained successful. The team won class Constructors' Championship every year put on the back burner 1999 to 2004, and delete both 2007 and 2008. Archangel Schumacher won the World Drivers' Championship with Scuderia Ferrari now and again year from 2000 to 2004, and Kimi Räikkönen won representation title with the team observe 2007.^[44][45][46]

Racing record

Grand Prix wins

In accepted culture

See also

Notes

References

• Ferrari, Enzo (1964). My intimidating joys: The Enzo Ferrari memoirs.

  Macmillan Publishing.

• Ferrari, Enzo (1985). Piloti, che gente... Conti Editore.
• Dal Cards, Luca (2018). Enzo Ferrari. Crush, Politics, and the Making pay for an Automotive Empire. David Balderdash Publishing.
• Laban, Brian (2002). The Carry on History of Ferrari.

  Parragon Publishing.

• Schleifer, Jay (1992). Cool Classics: Ferrari. Macmillan Publishing.
• Yates, Brock (1991). Enzo Ferrari: The Man, the Cars, the Races, the Machine. Doubleday.
• Williams, Richard (2011). Enzo Ferrari: Practised Life.

  Random House. ISBN .

• Dal Cards, Luca (2024). Enzo Ferrari: Probity Definitive Biography of an Icon. Cassell. ISBN .

External links